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Captain Henry Metcalfe (October 29, 1847 – August 17, 1927 in New York) was an American Army ordnance officer, inventor and early organizational theorist, known for his 1873 invention of a detachable magazine for small arms,〔United States. War Dept (1873) ''Annual Report of the Secretary of War''. Vol. 3, p. 91〕 for his work on modern management accounting,〔Michael Chatfield. "(Henri Metcalfe )," in: ''History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia.'' Michael Chatfield, Richard Vangermeersch eds. 1996/2014. p. 269–70.〕〔Roman L. Weil, Michael W. Maher (2005) ''Handbook of Cost Management''. p. 736〕 the development of the "time card" and his theory on the role of middle management.〔Quentin R. Skrabec (2003) ''In Search of the Lost Grail of Middle Management''. p. 4〕 == Biography == Metcalfe was born in New York, where his father Dr. John Thomas Metcalfe was attending physician to Bellevue Hospital Center. His father was former American Army ordnance officer, and later became professor of institutes and practice of medicine at the New York University.〔(Dr John Thomas Metcalfe ) at findagrave.com〕 Metcalfe graduated June 15, 1868 from West Point Military Academy, and was commissioned into the Ordnance Corps. Metcalfe started his military career as assistant ordnance officer at the Ordnance Bureau in Washington, D.C. early 1869. That year he was sequentially stationed at Rock Island Arsenal III, at the Military Academy as assistant professor of Spanish, and as aide-de-camp of Major-General Henry W. Halleck. After a -month leave of absence in 1870, he was appointed executive ordnance assistant at Springfield Armory November 11, 1870. There he developed several improvements for small firearms for which he obtained a series of patents. On June 23, 1874 he was promoted to first lieutenant. In 1875 he was inspector at the small arms manufacturing at Providence Tool Company for three months. The next two years he participated in the presentation of the US Ordnance Department at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Metcalfe superintendented the construction of the US Government Building, took charge of the Ordnance Exhibit, and represented the Executive Departments of the US government as Executive officer of the Board.〔"(2227. Henry Metcalfe )" in ''Biographical Register of the Officers.'' George Cullum (ed.), 2009. p. 378〕 From late 1877 until late 1881 Metcalfe was Assistant Ordnance Officer at Frankford Arsenal, where he started developing a new shop order system and conducted time and motion studies.〔Reid, William H. "The Development of Henry Metcalfe's Card System of Shop Returns at Frankford Arsenal, 1880–1881." Journal of Management 12.3 (1986): 415–423.〕 From late 1878 to late 1881 he was also Inspector of contract small-arms ammunition.〔 On March 4, 1879 he was promoted to the rank of Captain. From late 1881 to late 1884 he was Assistant Ordnance Officer at Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, and from 1884 to August 1886 Assistant Ordnance Officer at the Watervliet Arsenal in Watervliet, New York. In 1885 Metcalfe published the book "The Cost of Manufactures and the Administration of Workshops, Public and Private," and presented this work to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers the next year. On August 28, 1886 Metcalfe was appointed Ordnance and Gunnery Instructor at the West Point Military Academy, and published the "Course of Ordnance and Gunnery for the Instruction of the Cadets of the U. S. Military Academy." in 1890.〔"Class of 1868. No 2227. Henry Metcalfe," in: ''Cullums Register.'' United States Army (())〕 Metcalfe was awarded the Order of Osmanieh from the Sultan of Turkey in 1876. He retired in 1893 after he had suffered an eye injury.〔(Captain Henry Metcalfe )" at ''goordnance.army.mil,'' Accessed 24.11.2014.〕 He settled down in Cold Spring, New York, where he kept making some inventions over the years. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Captain Henry Metcalfe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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